Dr. Travis Gliedt
Assistant Professor of Geography and Environmental Sustainability
Water System Innovation
Abstract
Based on semi-structured interviews with key decision-makers from 38 distinct municipal water utilities in Oklahoma, this paper examines the innovation process that drives water system transitions in response to external pressures, including climate change, policy, and economic trends; and to address internal system needs, such as supply expansion and infrastructure upgrades. A multiple linear regression analysis reveals a strong, positive relationship between innovations and dynamic capabilities, suggesting that dynamic capabilities are crucial to the transition of water systems. The strength of the relationship between sensing, seizing and reconfiguring dynamic capabilities and innovations differs by type of innovation. Water manager awareness of the state-level Water for 2060 Act was shown to have significant influence on the number of innovations generated by municipal water systems, while water manager licensure level was not a reliable predictor of innovation. Recommendations for encouraging much needed radical innovations are outlined.
Abstract
This study seeks to expand empirical research on how municipalities have adapted and innovated (or not) their water systems as a result of climate change. We analyze characteristics of water governance at the municipal scale in Oklahoma, USA. ArcMap 10.3 was used to build a qualitative geographic information system (GIS) based on fieldwork, including interviews and site-observations, in order to compare dynamic capabilities that lead to innovation in 38 cities in the state. The GIS enables visualization of our digitalized research to understand the interconnections between drivers of innovativeness—the combination of dynamic capabilities and innovation rates—and state of water resource infrastructure in place-specific and regional planning contexts. In particular, the GIS takes into consideration income level, the influence of state-level water policy (Water for 2060 Act), water manager certification levels, population, dynamic capabilities, and perceptions of risk and vulnerability to water system change. Digitizing this information provides a diverging perspective on the historical lack of innovation in the public sector, as different socio-cultural, socio-economic, and socio-political contexts occur throughout Oklahoma, a state notorious for its oil centered economy and its climate change deniers. The findings suggest that innovativeness is directly related to dynamic capabilities and indirectly related to population size, income level, and the educational backgrounds of water decision-makers. The visualizations also show that some cities have surplus capacity for adaptation, while others were able to more efficiently turn capacity into water management innovations. Seeing representations of water governance success and failure in communities affords the opportunity to educate citizens and decision-makers to adapt water infrastructures to the effects of climate change, showcasing the utility of digitalization in a quest for sustainable solutions.
The Blue River, Oklahoma
Abstract
Is climate change influencing water utilities in Oklahoma to implement innovations? New research with 38 water managers in Oklahoma suggests that it is. This study hypothesized that utilities experiencing larger annual decreases in precipitation during the study period (2010-2014) relative to the 30-year trend would create higher numbers of innovations. The results supported the hypothesis only when controlling for population size, as higher innovations per capita were associated with larger precipitation declines.
Koch M, Gliedt T, 2015, “Downstream effects: Examining how water conservation policy flows from state to municipal governments” Association of American Geographers (Chicago, IL.)
Abstract
Oklahoma and California may seem like a study in contrasts. However, these two states have something important in common: the need to conserve water in a changing world. In 2012, the Oklahoma State Legislature set an ambitious water conservation target. Despite a growing population and booming economy, the state aims to hold water consumption levels at current levels until the year 2060. The State of California, in turn, has set a “20X2020” goal of achieving a 20% per capita reduction in urban water use by the year 2020. This paper examines if municipal water utility leaders in Oklahoma and California are aware of their state’s respective goals. It also analyzes how utilities are working to conserve water, and measures the degree to which these conservation efforts are driven by statewide goals or by other factors. The implementation of various conservation strategies, such as consumer education, storm water management, and infrastructure leak detection, is compared. Aside from specific actions, the study also examines the perception of state conservation goals among water utility managers, and identifies which aspects of such plans have the most support. The findings will help determine which type and aspects of statewide conservation policies are most effective at spurring conservation at the municipal level. This is important given that Oklahoma’s conservation goal is voluntary, while California specifically requires water use reductions. Data comes from a comparative survey of municipal water officials in Oklahoma and California conducted in the spring of 2015.
Estes Park, Colorado
